The effect of maternal food consumption during pregnancy on infantile eczema: a cohort study / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the association between maternal food group intakes during pregnancy and the risk of infantile eczema in a Chinese population. Methods A prospective birth cohort study was conducted and 523 women were recruited at 20-28 weeks of pregnancy in Guangzhou from 2017 to 2018. A validated 81-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess maternal dietary intakes during the past month. Food items were divided into ten food groups according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines. Offspring were followed up at 6 months by the symptom questionnaire of eczema. Multivariate Logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal food group intakes during pregnancy and the risk of infantile eczema. Results The cumulative incidence of eczema at 6 months was 51.8%. Maternal consumption of poultry was higher in the eczema group (27.62±25.20 g/d) than the control group (22.03±22.63 g/d, P=0.022). Comparing to the lowest quantile (Q1), higher maternal intake of poultry (Q4) and fish (Q3) were significantly associated with an increased risk of infantile eczema (OR=2.71, 95% CI=1.24-4.81; OR=2.38, 95% CI=1.23-4.59, respectively) after multivariate adjustment. Conclusion Higher intakes of poultry or fish during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of infantile eczema in Chinese population.

Maternal diet and its association with human milk energy and macronutrient composition among exclusively breastfeeding Malaysian Malay mothers

@# Introduction: This study aimed to determine the relationship of maternal dietary intake with human milk nutritional composition, among Malay mothers during the postpartum period of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: Human milk samples (20- 30ml) were collected from mothers (n=32) at least once monthly for six months postpartum. Macronutrients and fatty acids contents were determined using proximate analysis and gas chromatography methods, respectively. Maternal dietary intakes were recorded using the multiple-pass diet recall method prior to each milk sampling and were analysed using the Nutritionist ProTM software. Associations between the milk composition and maternal diet were tested using Spearman correlation. Results: The energy content ranged between 49.6-59.2 kcal/100ml, protein 1.3-1.4 g/100ml, carbohydrate 6.5-9.7 g/100ml and total fat 6.5-9.7 g/100ml. The polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids concentrations were 10.5-19.1 %, 40.6-43.5 %, and 38.0-49.7 %, respectively. During confinement (first month postpartum), total energy and total fat content of human milk were the highest whereas total carbohydrate was the lowest, compared to the rest of the exclusive breastfeeding period. In contrast, intakes of total calorie and total fat were the lowest, whereas protein was the highest during this period. However, no associations were detected between human milk nutritional contents and maternal dietary intake. Conclusion: In our study population, the composition of maternal diet and nutritional content of human milk differed between confinement and post-confinement periods. However, the association between maternal diet and human milk composition itself warrants further investigation.

Dietary Intake of Mothers Who Practised Traditional Confinement During Exclusive Breastfeeding Period

@#Introduction: Nutritional requirements increase during lactation. However, maternal dietary intakes of Malaysian mothers are subjected to restrictions commonly included in traditional postpartum practices. This study aimed to assess the maternal dietary intake status during the recommended six month exclusive breastfeeding (part of which included the traditional confinement) period. Methods: Thirty-two Malay mothers aged 18-35 years, who had delivered full-term (at ≥37 weeks) singleton babies and were exclusively breastfeeding, were included in the study. Maternal dietary intake was assessed using multiple-pass diet recall on Days 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180, postpartum. The average total energy and macronutrient intakes were compared against recommended values. Results: The findings of this study demonstrated that maternal intakes of total energy ranged from 1,500-2,000kcal/day, carbohydrate 189-272g/day, protein 58-72g/day, and total fat 32-70g/day. Total calorie intake was the lowest during confinement period (Days 10 and 30) compared to the rest of the exclusive breastfeeding period. This is similar with total fat consumption. On the other hand, protein intake was the highest during confinement period whereas carbohydrate intake was consistent throughout the six-month period. Despite the increased requirements, intakes of total calories, protein, total fat, dietary fibre, and water, did not meet the recommended values throughout the exclusive breastfeeding period. Conclusion: Mothers’ inability to fulfil their nutritional requirements during exclusive breastfeeding period may be associated with traditional postpartum dietary practices. Dietary advice with consideration for cultural food taboos practiced by local mothers during confinement may help to improve maternal nutritional intakes during this crucial time.

Progress of the effect of maternal diet avoidance on infant eczema / 国际儿科学杂志

Eczema is the most common and earliest allergic disease in infancy,which seriously affects the quality of life of infants.In recent years,the incidence of infant eczema has been on the rise and there is no radical cure.This article reviews the etiology of eczema,the concept and the mechanism of food intolerance associated with food-specific IgG,and the relationship between infant eczema and maternal food-specific IgG detection,and discusses the literatures about avoiding eczema and improving the mechanism of eczema in lactating mothers,aiming at helping to solve the problem of eczema partially from the source,reducing the pain of recurrent eczema in infant,and avoiding or reducing the adverse reactions to the babies.

Impact of the maternal diet and the intervention with fructooligosaccharide on thehuman milk microbiota / Impacto da dieta materna e da intervenção com fruto-oligossacarídeo sobre a microbiota do leite humano

Human milk is recognized as the main component for growth, metabolism, and immune development in infants. Furthermore, during lactation, human milk is an important source of microorganisms for the intestinal colonization of newborns. Mother-related factors have been associated with the human milk microbiota composition. Nevertheless, apparently, there has not been any study in which the maternal diet was evaluated as a modulator of the human milk microbiota. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the maternal diet on the human milk microbiota composition of healthy women, and subsequently, to evaluate the effect of fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the human milk microbiota. This study consisted of two parts; the first was a cross-sectional study, including 94 lactating women recruited at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HU/USP), to investigate the association between the maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation over the first month and the human milk microbiota. The second part consisted of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 53 lactating, classified as FOS group (n = 28), which received 4.5 g of fructooligosaccharides + 2 g of maltodextrin or placebo group (n = 25), which received 2 g of maltodextrin, over a period of 20 days. The DNA was isolated and used as template for amplification and sequencing by the Illumina MiSeq® System. Overall, the maternal diet during lactation ("short-term" food intake) influenced specific bacterial groups, including positive correlations between polyunsaturated fatty acids/linoleic fatty acids and Bifidobacterium. However, only the maternal diet during pregnancy ("long-term" food intake) was statistically significant (p = 0.02) for the clustering analyzes (community structure analyzes), in which higher levels of vitamin C intake during pregnancy was related to cluster 2, driven by the Staphylococcus genus. After the intervention period on the maternal diet, no differences were found for relative abundance of genera between the placebo and the FOS groups. However, the distances of the trajectories covered by the samples from the beginning to the end of the supplementation was higher for the FOS group (p = 0.0007). According to our results, the maternal age affects the response for FOS supplementation (p = 0.02), though no patterns in the differences of relative abundances were found between the groups. Our results suggest that the maternal diet may influence the human milk microbiota, and the diet during pregnancy is a stronger factor over the bacterial community structure. Minor changes were found by the maternal short-term food intake or the maternal intervention with the prebiotic, and the changes seem to be individual-dependent and influenced by the maternal age, particularly in the intervention study

O leite humano é, reconhecidamente, o principal componente para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento metabólico e imunológico de lactentes. Adicionalmente, durante a lactação, o leite humano consiste em uma importante fonte de micro-organismos para a formação da microbiota intestinal de neonatos. Fatores relacionados à mãe têm sido associados à composição da microbiota do leite humano. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a dieta materna como componente modulador da microbiota do leite humano. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar o impacto da dieta materna sobre a composição da microbiota do leite humano de mães saudáveis e, posteriormente, avaliar a influência da intervenção com fruto-oligossacarídeo na microbiota do leite humano, durante 20 dias de lactação. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes; a primeira parte consistiu de um estudo transversal, com 94 lactantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU/USP), a fim de investigar a associação entre o consumo materno de nutrientes durante a gestação e durante o primeiro mês de lactação e a microbiota do leite humano. A segunda parte consistiu em um ensaio clínico, aleatorizado, placebo-controlado, com 53 lactantes, classificadas em grupo FOS, que recebeu 4.5 g de fruto-oligossacarídeo + 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 28) ou grupo placebo, que recebeu 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 25), suplementados por 20 dias. O DNA das amostras de leite foi isolado e utilizado como molde para amplificação e sequenciamento em Illumina MiSeq® System. Em geral, a dieta materna durante a lactação (consumo a curto prazo) apresentou influência pontual sobre diversos grupos de micro-organismos, incluindo correlações positivas entre ácidos graxos poli-insaturados/linoleico e o gênero Bifidobacterium. No entanto, somente a dieta materna durante a gestação (consumo a longo prazo) foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0.02) para as análises de agrupamento das amostras (análises de estrutura de comunidade), sendo o maior teor de vitamina C consumido durante a gestação relacionado ao agrupamento 2, direcionado por maiores populações do gênero Staphylococcus. Após o período de intervenção na dieta materna, não foram encontradas diferenças entre a abundância relativa de gêneros entre os grupos placebo e FOS. No entanto, as distâncias do percurso das amostras do início até o final da suplementação foram maiores para o grupo FOS (p = 0.0007). De acordo com os resultados, a idade materna influencia essa resposta à suplementação por FOS (p = 0.02), embora, não tenham sido encontrados padrões nítidos nas diferenças de abundância relativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a dieta materna consiste em um fator de modulação da microbiota do leite humano, sendo a dieta durante a gestação um fator mais intenso sobre a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana do leite humano. No entanto, o consumo a curto prazo ou a intervenção alimentar com prebiótico sobre a dieta materna apresentou influência pontual sobre a dinâmica da microbiota do leite, ainda que mudanças observadas sejam indivíduo-dependentes e influenciadas pela idade materna, como no caso do estudo de intervenção

Influência da deficiência ou suplementação com selênio durante o período gestacional de ratas na suscetibilidade da progênie feminina à carcinogênese mamária / Influence of selenium deficiency or supplementation during rat gestational period on the susceptibility of female offspring to mammary carcinogenesis

Fatores dietéticos como o selênio (Se) são apontados como importantes moduladores do risco de desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. Essa neoplasia pode apresentar sua origem no início do desenvolvimento e, assim, a alimentação materna poderia ter importantes repercussões na programação fetal da doença. A fim de verificar se diferentes concentração de selênio na dieta materna poderiam programar o risco da progênie feminina ao câncer de mama, ratas foram alimentadas com ração contendo 0,15 (CO), 1,0 (SUP) ou 0,05 (DEF) ppm de Se durante a gestação e sua progênie feminina iniciada com DMBA. A progênie do grupo SUP apresentou menor suscetibilidade à carcinogênese, indicado pelo menor número médio e multiplicidade de adenocarcinomas mamários (p< 0,05), enquanto a do grupo DEF apresentou maior suscetibilidade à carcinogênese, indicado pela maior incidência dos mesmos (p< 0,05). Mães do grupo DEF apresentaram menor concentração de Se no sangue (p< 0,05) e sua prole apresentou menor atividade da enzima GPx1 (p< 0,05). Além disso, observou-se na glândula mamária da progênie de 50 dias menor expressão (western blot e qPCR) de ERα, Her-2, EGFR e Ras no grupo SUP em comparação aos grupos CO e DEF (p< 0,05). Analisou-se, ainda, o padrão de metilação global do DNA (HPLC-DAD), expressão das enzimas DNMT1, 3a e 3b (qPCR), o padrão global de modificações pós traducionais em histonas (western blot) e o padrão de metilação da região promotora do gene Erα (modificação com bissulfito e pirossequenciamento) na glândula mamária da progênie de 50 dias. Não houve diferença no padrão de metilação global do DNA e expressão das enzimas DNMTs (p>0,05). Houve aumento na expressão de H4K16 acetilada nos grupos SUP e DEF (p< 0,05). Finalmente, em comparação a progênie do grupo DEF, a do grupo SUP apresentou região promotora de Erα com aumento marginal (p=0,07) na metilação de dois dinucleotídeos CpG. Conclui-se que o consumo de diferentes concentrações de Se na dieta materna tem impacto sobre a suscetibilidade da progênie ao câncer de mama na vida adulta através da modulação da expressão de receptores e oncogenes relacionados ao desenvolvimeto dessa neoplasia, além da influência em processos epigenéticos. Tais resultados apontam para a existência de uma "janela de programação" no início do desenvolvimento sensível a ação do Se, resultando em diminuição do risco de câncer de mama quando suplementado na dieta materna e o inverso quando de sua deficiencia

Based on epidemiological studies and animal models, the essential micronutrient selenium has been highlighted as a promising dietary factor associated to breast cancer risk reduction. Breast cancer may have its origin in early development and thus the maternal diet could have important implications in the fetal programming of the disease. In order to ascertain whether differences in selenium concentration in maternal diet could modulate the susceptibility of female offspring to breast cancer, a biological assay was conducted in which female rats were fed a diet with 0.15 (CO), 1.0 (SUP) or 0.05 (DEF) ppm of selenium during gestational period and the female offspring subjected to a mammary carcinogenesis model induced by DMBA. SUP group offspring presented decreased susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis, as indicated by lower (p< 0,05) average number and multiplicity od adenocarcinomas, while the DEF group offspring had a greater susceptibility, as indicated by the increase (p< 0,05) in adenocarcinomas incidency. Mothers of the DEF group pesented lower (p< 0,05) Se blood concetrations and their offspring presented lower (p<0,05).GPx1 activity. In addition, there was a decrease (p< 0,05) in ERα, Her-2, EGFR and Ras expression (western blot and qPCR) in the mammary gland of 7 weeks old female SUP group offspring when compared to CO and DEF groups offspring. DNA global methylation pattern (HPLC-DAD), DNMT1, 3a e 3b expression (qPCR), global pattern of post-translational modification in histones (western blot) and methylation status of Erα promoter region (bisulfite modification and pyrosequencing) were also evaluated in the mammary gland of 7 weeks old offspring. There was no diffrence (p>0,05) in DNA global methylation pattern and DNMTs expression. There was an increase in acetilated H4K16 expression in groups SUP and DEF (p< 0,05). Lastly, when compared to DEF offspring, the SUP offspring presented a marginal increase in the methylation of two CpG dinucleotides in the Erα promoter region. In conclusion, the consumption of different selenium concentration in maternal diet plays a role in the progeny's breast cancer susceptibility through the modulation of receptors and oncogenes expression, in addition to modifications in epigenetic patterns. These results indicate the presence of a "programming window" in the beggining of development susceptible to selenium effects, resulting in decreased breast cancer risk when supplemented and the opposite when deficient

Infantile Colic: The Mysterious Crying.

Infantile colic is a distressing condition in infants, pathogenesis of which is still not clear. Several treatment strategies have been attempted before, but only some of them proven successful. The aim of this paper is to review studies on treatment options for infantile colic. For this, a systematic literature review was done on studies regarding pathophysiology, medical and conventional interventions for infantile colic from 1954 to March 2011. Forty nine articles included in Cochrane database were reviewed. Fourteen studies on pathophysiology and risk factors, 7 studies on effect of infantlie colic on parents and family, 19 studies on management, 5 studies on other related factors and 4 literature reviews were included for review. Pathophysiology has been described in various ways in different studies and yet not conclusive. Regarding studies on management, simethicone could not significantly control colic, dicyclomine hydrochloride had serious side effects and cimetropium bromide results were favourable, but milder side effects were noted. Some nutritional studies reported low-allergen maternal diets in breastfed infants but suitability of these methods are questionable in Bangladesh. Behavioural studies on the use of decreased stimulation and contingent music were favourable in some studies. Mixed herbal tea and probiotic like Lactobacillus reuteri studies showed encouraging results. There are some scientific evidences to support a low-allergen maternal diet in breastfed infants with infantile colic. Some encouraging results exist for mixed herbal tea, cimetropium bromide and probiotics.

Does food insecurity compromise maternal dietary Zinc or energy intake in favor of her child, in rural poor Mexican households? / ¿En hogares rurales pobres de México, la inseguridad alimentaria compromete el consumo de zinc y energía de las madres en favor de sus hijos?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze quantitative indicators of food insecurity (FI), and estimate if FI modifies the association between maternal and child Zinc and energy intake as evidence for maternal dietary compromise in favor of her child. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study (n=2 563), data derived from baseline impact evaluation of the Mexican Programa de Apoyo Alimentario. Quantitative indicators of FI were:Household food storage, maize and/or bean production, food expenditure, and spatial access to food markets. We evaluated percentage adequacy of energy (PAE) and Zinc (PAZn) intake. Multiple linear regression model was fitted to estimate the association between maternal and child PAE and PAZn. RESULTS: Child PAE and PAZn were positively associated with those of their mothers. None of the FI indicators modified the association between maternal and child PAE and PAZn. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence of maternal dietary compromise in favor of her child was observed using four quantitative indicators of FI in central-southern rural Mexican househods.

OBJETIVO: Analizar indicadores cuantitativos de inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y estimar si IA modifica la asociación del consumo de energía y zinc en madres e hijos como evidencia del compromiso de la dieta materna a favor de su hijo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal,información basal de la evaluación de impacto del Programa de Apoyo Alimentario. Indicadores de IA: reserva de alimentos en hogar, autoproducción maíz y/o frijol, porcentaje del gasto en alimentos y acceso físico a mercados de alimentos.Se calculó el porcentaje de adecuación del consumo energético (PAE) y Zinc (PAZn) (n=2 563 pares). Se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal ajustado por covariables. RESULTADOS: El PAE y PAZn de madres e hijos se asoció positivamente. Ningún indicador de IA modificó la asociación entre PAE y PAZn materno con respecto a sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores de IA estudiados no modifican la relación entre la dieta de madres-hijos en hogares rurales de México.